What follows is a totally arbitrary sampling of various events that occurred in the month of October throughout the Middle Ages:
October 1
In 1189 Gerard de Ridefort, Grandmaster of the Knights Templar, is killed during the siege at Acre.
October 2
In 1492, King Henry VII of England invades France
In 1535, Jacques Cartier discovers Montreal, Canada
In 1552, Kazan is conquered by Ivan the Terrible
October 3
In 1283, the first known execution by hanging, drawing, and quartering is performed. The unfortunate individual was Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Prince of Gwynedd, Wales.
October 4
In 1537, the first complete, English-language Bible is printed
October 5
In 1450, King Ludwig IV orders the expulsion of Jews from lower Bavaria
in 1550, the city of Concepcion is founded in Chile
In 1582, the Gregorian calendar is introduced in many Catholic countries
October 8
In 1480, a standoff between the Mongol Akhmat Khan and Grand Duke Ivan III of Russia leads to the later retreat of the Mongol Horde
In 1604, "Kepler's Nova" is first sighted
October 9
In 1000, Leif Erikson discovers "Vinland," believed by many to be modern New England
In 1192, Richard the Lionheart leaves Jerusalem in disguise
October 11
In 1138, a massive earthquake strikes Aleppo, Syria
October 12
In 1216, King John of England loses the Crown Jewels in The Wash, possibly near Sutton Bridge in Fosdyke
In 1609, the children's rhyme The Three Blind Mice is published in England
October 13
In 1307, King Philip IV of France convicts the Templars of heresy
October 14
In 1066, William the Conqueror wins the Battle of Hastings and takes control of England
In 1322, Robert the Bruce defeats King Edward II of England at Byland, and obtains the recognition of Scottish independence
In 1586, Mary Queen of Scots goes on trial for conspiracy
October 15
In 1520, King Henry VIII orders bowling lanes built at Whitehall
In 1581, the first ballet is staged in Paris, commissioned by Catherine de Medici
In 1582, many Catholic countries switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar
October 16
In 1384, Jadwiga is crowned King of Poland, even though she is a woman
October 17
In 1415, Jewish autonomy in Palestine ends
In 1483, Tomas de Torquemada is appointed Inquisitor-General of Spain
October 18
In 1009, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is hacked down to bedrock by the Fatimid caliph
In 1356, Basel, Switzerland is destroyed by an earthquake
In 1386, the University of Heidelberg is opened
October 19
In 1512, Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology
October 20
In 1097, the first Crusaders arrive in Antioch
In 1603, a Chinese uprising in the Philippines fails after 23,000 people are killed
October 21
In 1096, Sultan Arslan defeats the first Crusaders in Nicea
October 23
In 1091, the London Bridge is destroyed by a tornado
October 24
In 1260, the Cathedral of Chartres is dedicated
October 25
In 1415, the French heavy knights are defeated by English army's Welsh archers at the Battle of Agincourt
In 1492, Christopher Columbus' ship the Santa Maria lands at the Dominican Republic
October 26
In 1492, the first known use of lead pencils
In 1524, Spanish troops give Milan to France
October 27
In 1275, the city of Amsterdam was founded (traditional)
October 28
In 1492, Columbus discovers Cuba and claims it for Spain
In 1538, the Universidad Santo Tomas Aquino, the first in the New World, is established
October 29
In 1268, the last of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Kings of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire was executed by Charles I of Sicily
In 1390, the first trial for witchcraft was held in Paris
October 30
In 1270, the Eighth Crusade and Siege of Tunis ends
In 1503, Queen Isabella bans violence against the Indians
In 1534, the English Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy, ousting the Pope as head of the English Church and instating King Henry VIII
October 31
In 1541, Michelangelo finishes painting "The Last Judgment" in the Sistine Chapel
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